For details see my old thread:
https://community.sophos.com/products/unified-threat-management/astaroorg/f/55/t/42968
Here's how to test:
Try a range request (make sure transparent proxy is off):
# telnet www.astaro.org 80
GET /clientscript/vbulletin_editor.css HTTP/1.0
Host: www.astaro.org
Range: bytes=1-25
You should get a HTTP 206 response back which means partial content and only see bytes 1 to 25 of the content.
Now go through the proxy (or turn on the transparent proxy):
# telnet 8080
GET /clientscript/vbulletin_editor.css HTTP/1.0
Host: www.astaro.org
Range: bytes=1-25
You'll see that the entire content is returned, wasting bandwidth.